Who are at risk for kidney stones?
- Male : female =3:1
- Peak at 20 -40 years
- Prevalence higher in mountain, desert, tropical areas and more in summer season
- 7-12% lifetime risk of stone formation
- Recurrence rate is very high .. approx. 10 @1 year and 50 % @10 years
Causes of stone formations?
- Hereditary disorder: RTA, Cystinuria, xanthinuria, hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria etc
- Dietary excess: like oxalates, purine, Vit C, Calcium etc
- Reduction of water intake/ dehydration
- Sedentary lifestyles/ immobilisation
- UTI with urea splitting organism
- Severe urinary obstruction
- Gi disorders eg- IBD
- Myeloproliferative disorders
- Hypercalcaemic disorders
- Drug induced
Symptoms and sign?
- Sudden severe colicky pain in the flanks/ groins
- Sometimes accompanied with nausea and/or vomiting
- Gross or microscopic haematuria
- Fever if associated with infections
- Rarely with symptoms of renal failure
Diagnosis?
- Noncontrast CT scan is diagnostic method of choice
Others – Xray, USG, IVU etc